novembre 29, 2022
Asian Pacific Journal of Environment and Cancer
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radiation, cellphones radiation

Biological effects of electromagnetic waves with emphasis on radio and microwaves

How the body absorbs energy from electromagnetic fields

The maximum absorption of an RF field occurs when the direction of the electric field is parallel to the stature of the person. Also, for an average person, fields with frequencies between 70 and 150 MHz have the highest absorption in the body. In general, the rate of absorption at different frequencies varies as follows:

Frequencies below 100 kHz cause low energy absorption and a small, unmeasurable temperature rise, and their effect is mainly due to induction current and partly to nerve stimulation [8].
At frequencies above 100 kHz, absorption is greater. As the frequency increases, the amount of energy absorbed increases and local absorption increases. At frequencies above GHZ 10, energy absorption from the electromagnetic field is still limited to the surface of the skin. For this reason, at different frequencies, different units are used to measure field strength.

The effects studied in humans fall into two groups : 1- Non-cancerous effects and 2- Cancerous effects.

The first studies on the possible effects of exposure to electric and magnetic fields were published in old newspapers Soviets in the 1960s. They reported workers in electricity distribution and transmission substations, various mental disorders, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and central nervous system problems.

Similar studies of electrical installers continued into the next decade, with sometimes inconsistent results. As there are extensive discussions about changing and lowering the current standards among academics. Therefore, it seems that researchers in the field of electric and magnetic fields have paid more attention in recent years to ELF waves, especially at industrial frequencies (50-60 Hz).

Non-Cancerous Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields

Studies have shown that low frequency electromagnetic fields can affect cell growth [10], cell morphology and shape [11] being carcinogenic [8], cell differentiation [12] and programmed cell death [13]. Exposure to low frequency electromagnetic fields leads to increased oxidative stress in chicken embryos [14], cultured mammalian cells [15] and human erythrocytes [16].

Increased DNA peroxidation of oxidative stress, including oxidative fat damage [17], is associated with increased systemic abnormalities and cell death [18, 19 ]. The study of the effects of electromagnetic waves on the reproductive system of laboratory animals indicates the role of domains in the induction of oxidative mechanisms causing tissue damage and apoptosis in rat endometrial cells [20].

Studies have shown that continuous microwaves for 20 to 5 and 6 hours of daily irradiation at 2 W/kg with specific absorption per week can alter sperm production in mice [21]. In another study, observations showed the effect of the electromagnetic field on the immune system by lowering serum and cortisol levels in the group exposed to ACTH (electromagnetism) [22].

Electromagnetic fields with high energy waves raise local temperatures and, like ionizing radiation, cause cell damage by creating free radicals and regarding glomerular dilation, the articles confirm that electromagnetic fields cause anemia and therefore dilute the glomeruli to compensate for this decrease [23].

Observations have shown the effect of the electromagnetic field on the immune system by lowering serum and cortisol levels in the group exposed to ACTH ( electromagnetism) [22]. Electromagnetic fields with high energy waves raise local temperatures and, like ionizing radiation, cause cell damage by creating free radicals and regarding glomerular dilation, the articles confirm that electromagnetic fields cause anemia and therefore dilute the glomeruli to compensate for this decrease [23].

Observations have shown the effect of the electromagnetic field on the immune system by lowering serum and cortisol levels in the group exposed to ACTH (electromagnetism) [ 22]. Electromagnetic fields with high energy waves raise local temperatures and, like ionizing radiation, cause cell damage by creating free radicals and regarding glomerular dilation, the articles confirm that electromagnetic fields cause anemia and therefore dilute the glomeruli to compensate for this decrease [23].

Generally, non-cancerous effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields include the diseases listed in the table below.

Fig 2 the non-cancerous effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields

It should be noted that although a number of studies have found that ELF fields produce biological changes, research into the health effects is still preliminary and incomplete.

ALS Syndrome: A disease associated with a motor neuron defect, which destroys neurons in the spinal cord [24].

DNA modifications induced by electromagnetic waves

The results of experiments in vitro as well as in the body of living organisms confirm the destructive effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA. In this study, the acute effects of exposure to 2450 MHz waves were studied on the degradation of DNA strands. The results show that the increase in DNA strand breaks occurs in pulsed or continuous wave types. The researchers believe that these effects could be the result of the direct effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic energy on DNA molecules or the disruption of damaged DNA repair by brain cells. The study of the effects of HF-EMF waves on DNA has shown that GSM signals affect DNA integrity. Overall,

The effect of electromagnetic waves on the nervous system

Many reports have expressed the concern of researchers regarding the effect of exposure to radio frequency (RFR) radiation in the range of 300 MHZ - 10000 kHz. According to bioelectricity researchers, the functioning of the nervous system will be disturbed by these microwave waves. Studies of the effects of RFR on the nervous system include many aspects such as: morphology, electrophysiology, neurochemistry, neuropsychology and psychology. The effect of RFR in an organism will be associated with an increase in temperature in the tissue, which induces a physiological and behavioral thermal response. This response involves neural activity in the central and peripheral nervous system. The effects of RFR on heat regulation have been widely studied and the effects of RFR on the central nervous system.

The effect of electromagnetic waves on hearing

Recent studies have investigated the effects of radio frequency radiation (RFR) on neurons, learning and memory in animals. To examine the effects of waves (such as cell phone radiation) on the electrical activity of the brain and its relationship to cognitive functions, the adverse effects of waves on the auditory system, and in a series of reports, cases such as fatigue, headache, dizziness, disordered sleep, etc. have mentioned.

The proximity of the mobile antenna causes relatively large amounts of radio frequency energy to be deposited in the head. Observations show that the distribution of energy and radiation in the body can be an important factor in determining the outcome of the biological effects of RFRs in the body [28-30].

Relationship between electromagnetic waves with memory and Alzheimer's disease

Research shows that very low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) lead to the accumulation of manganese in the brain, kidneys and liver. Diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease occur due to manganese buildup in the brain which can lead to nervous system toxicity.

The results also showed that exposure to electromagnetic waves affects the biochemical parameters of blood serum. Manganese absorbed by the intestine passes through the lungs to the intestinal veins. The main tissues in which Mn precipitates are liver, pancreas and muscle. The brain is also the site of an accumulation of these toxins, although it is lower than in other parts of the body, which can ultimately lead to memory problems [31, 32].

The effects of exposure to electromagnetic waves (ELF-EMF-RFR)
on fertility and reproduction

Electromagnetic fields and radio frequencies interact with the tissues of the human body and can have adverse effects on fertility and reproduction. Here is a review of the evidence for the effects (ELF-EMF-RFR) on many parameters of male sperm function. Although most human and animal studies have been done on sperm and male fertility factors, some research shows the adverse effects of electromagnetic waves on fertility and abortion in women.

Reports suggest that the use of home electronics and cell phones reduces fertility potential in men by reducing sperm count, motility and viability, inducing pathological changes in morphology of spermatozoa and testicles. The germ formation process is a complex process influenced by many genes and hormones that occur in the testicles and can be subjected to the specific microwave frequencies currently in use. Research carried out in 2006 showed that adult male rats exposed to these fields (one hour per day, for 2 days, 128 mT) showed a decrease in testosterone levels and their oxidation induction.

A similar experiment in 2005 showed that electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 50 Hz (for 4 weeks, 0.2 mT or 6.4 mT) can induce a DNA strand break in testicular cells and sperm chromatin density in mice. Nakamura and colleagues in 2000 showed that exposure to continuous microwave waves with a wavelength of 2.45 GHz with an energy density of 2 mW/cm2 for 90 min decreased uterine blood flow dependent placenta and increased progesterone in pregnant mice [33-35]. A similar experiment in 2005 showed that electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 50 Hz (for 4 weeks, 0.2 mT or 6.4 mT) can induce a DNA strand break in testicular cells and a density of sperm chromatin in mice.

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